．The Pen People have never been satisfied with simply talking．For some reason, they have always considered their ideas to be so important that they have always tried to find ways to record them on paper．People have developed many systems of writing; they have also developed various tools with which to write． One of the first instruments developed by people for writing was the stylus．It was a sharp instrument made of bone or metal, and with it, the writer could make marks on stone or wood．It was used for thousands of years and was very practical． When the Egyptians invented the first paper-like material called ‘papyrus’, they needed something to write on it．Therefore, they developed the idea of using pen and ink．Their version of the pen was made from bamboo．They sharpened one end of the stem （or the body） to make a nib, that is, the point which you write with．Then they filled the empty part of the stem with ink and forced the ink onto the nib．It was a good idea, but when paper was introduced later, a much finer instrument was needed． The problem was solved with the introduction of the quill pen．The quill is a large feather from the wing or tail of a bird．Because this pen was a feather, however, it had to be sharpened quite often．A special instrument was made for this purpose: the penknife． The quill was used from the 6th through the 18th century, but in the 19th century a machine was invented to make a nib out of metal, and this solved the problem of sharpening．The metal nib could be fitted into a holder and dipped into a bottle of ink．Finally, in 1884, a young American, Lewis Waterman, found a way of putting the ink into the holder, and the fountain pen as we know it was complete． 45．According to the text, people have developed various systems of writing because they _______．
不错哦 A．have tried to find new ways B．have been satisfied with what they have C．have invented tools to write with D．have wanted to write down what they think 46．The quill pen was better than the stylus because people could ________． A．sharpen it frequently B．write finely on paper C．force the ink onto the nib D．make clear signs on stone 47．A nib made from metal was an advantage because ________． A．it was used for many centuries B．it didn’t need to be sharpened C．the pens couldn’t be filled with ink D．people could fit it into a bottle of ink 48．Which of the following is TRUE? A．People could write on paper with the stylus． B．The quill pen was developed by the Egyptians． C．The fountain pen was developed in the 6th century． D．People could use ink with a pen made from bamboo． C A new study says one part of the human brain may become smaller as a result of a condition known as jet lag．Jet lag results from flying long distances in an airplane．People with jet lag may feel extremely tired for several days．They may also have problems thinking clearly and remembering． Recently a researcher at the University of Bristol in Britain reported the findings of his jet lag study, which involved twenty young women who worked for international airlines．They had served passengers on airplanes for five years．These flight attendants flew across many countries and at least seven time zones．In the study, the flight attendants had different amounts of time to recover from jet lag．Half the women spent five days or fewer in their home areas between long flights．The other half spent more than fourteen days in their home areas． The researcher took some saliva（唾液） from the women’s mouths to measure levels of a hormone （荷尔蒙） that increases during stress．He tested them to see if they could remember where black spots appeared on a computer screen．And he took pictures of their brains to measure the size of the brain’s temporal lobes （脑叶）． It was found that the women who had less time between flights had smaller right temporal lobes．This area of the brain deals with recognizing and remembering what is seen．The same group performed worse and had slower reaction times on the visual memory test．And their saliva samples showed higher levels of stress hormones． The researcher believes the brain needs at least ten days to recover after a long trip．He says airline workers told him their ability to remember went worse after working on planes for about four years．Other studies have shown that increased feelings of stress can cause a loss of cells in the part of the brain that controls memory． Scientists say more tests are needed to study the effects of jet lag on the brain．They want to find out if too much jet lag could permanently affect memory． 49．According to the text, jet lag ______． A．can cause difficulties in speaking B．can make people feel tired for a few months C．can be only found in flight attendants D．can be caused by flying over several time zones 50．It can be inferred from the passage that ______．
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