②a. a changed world已经变化的世界。 b. a changing world正在变化的世界。
③a. the risen sun已经升起的太阳。 b. the rising sun正在升起太阳。
3). 过去分词短语和-ing 短语及不定式短语作后置定语的区别
a．过去分词作定语，表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表被动关系；而-ing形式作后置定语则表示正在进行的动作或状态；如动作发生在将来，用动词不定式作定语。
例：①I don’t like to see letters written in pencil．
我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。（只表被动，无时间性）
②This is the building built last year．这是去年建的楼房。（被动，完成）
③The building being built there is our lab．
那里正建的那幢建筑物是我们的实验室。（正在进行）
④They have designed a building to be built next year．
他们已设计了一幢明年要建的楼房。（将来）
b表被动含义时，瞬时动词不能用-ing 进行式的被动语态，应使用过去分词。
例：①most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists. (Ⅹ)
②Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists．(√)
多数应邀参加晚会的人都是著名的科学家。
c．-ing完成时的被动语态不能用作定语，表被动含义时用过去分词。
例：①We enjoy seeing the films having been directed by Charlie Chaplin．(Ⅹ)
②We enjoy seeing the films directed by Charlie Chaplin．(√)
我们喜欢看卓别林导演的电影。
2. 过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与宾语构成主动关系，过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语构成被动关系。
例：①When we talk with others，we make ourselves understood not just by words.
②When we talk With others，we make them understand us not just by words．
我们与人交谈时，不只是通过语言让人们理解我们的意思。
3. 过去分词的逻辑主语
作状语用的过去分词，其逻辑主语应与名词中的主语一致。
例：①Seen from the hill, we find the village very small. (Ⅹ)
②Seen from the hill，the village looks very small．(√)
我们如果在山上看（我们）会发现村子很小。
高考热点
以下是历年高考题中的过去分词试题，请总结有关过去分词的考点。
l．The managers discussed the plan that they
would like to see the next year．（NMET 2000）
A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
分析: 例1的答案为C。此句中包含一个定语从句，the plan是定语从句的先行词，将其放到定语从句中构成 they would like to see the plan ____（carry out）。the plan与 carry out构成被动关系，故用 carried out。
小结: 此题测试的是过去分词作宾补。过去分词作宾补时，它所表示的动作对象是前面的宾语，与其构成被动关系。
2．Most of the artists to the party were ____ from South Africa．
A．invited B．to invited
C．being invited D．had been invited（NMET90）
3．The first textbooks________for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．
A．having written B．to be written
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